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Peer Gynt
''Peer Gynt'' (; ) is a five-act play in verse by the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen. Written in the Bokmål form of Norwegian, it is one of the most widely performed Norwegian plays. Ibsen believed ''Per Gynt'', the Norwegian fairy tale on which the play is loosely based, to be rooted in fact, and several of the characters are modelled after Ibsen's own family, notably his parents Knud Ibsen and Marichen Altenburg. He was also generally inspired by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen's collection of Norwegian fairy tales, published in 1845 (''Huldre-Eventyr og Folkesagn'').
According to Klaus Van Den Berg, the "cinematic script blends poetry with social satire and realistic scenes with surreal ones".〔Klaus Van Den Berg, "Peer Gynt" (review), ''Theatre Journal'' 58.4 (2006) 684–687〕 ''Peer Gynt'' has also been described as the story of a life based on procrastination and avoidance.〔Brockett and Hildy (2003, 391) and Meyer (1974, 284).〕 A first edition of 1,250 copies was published on 14 November 1867 in Copenhagen.〔Meyer (1974, 284).〕 Although the first edition swiftly sold out, a reprint of two thousand copies, which followed after only fourteen days, didn't sell out until seven years later.〔Meyer (1974, 288).〕
While Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson admired the play's "satire on Norwegian egotism, narrowness, and self-sufficiency" and described it as "magnificent",〔Leverson, Michael, ''Henrik Ibsen: The farewell to poetry, 1864-1882'', Hart-Davis, 1967 p. 67〕 Hans Christian Andersen, Georg Brandes and Clemens Petersen all joined the widespread hostility, Petersen writing that the play was not poetry.〔Meyer (1974, 284–286). Meyer describes Clemens Petersen as "the most influential critic in Scandinavia" (1974, 285). He reviewed ''Peer Gynt'' in the 30 November 1867 edition of the newspaper ''Faedrelandet''. He wrote that the play "is not poetry, because in the transmutation of reality into art it fails to meet the demands of either art or reality."〕 Enraged by Petersen's criticisms in particular, Ibsen defended his work by arguing that it "''is'' poetry; and if it isn't, it will become such. The conception of poetry in our country, in Norway, shall shape itself according to this book."〔Letter to Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson on 9 December 1867; quoted by Meyer (1974, 287).〕 Despite this defense of his poetic achievement in ''Peer Gynt'', the play was his last to employ verse; from ''The League of Youth'' (1869) onwards, Ibsen was to write drama only in prose.〔Watts (1966, 10–11).〕
Ibsen wrote ''Peer Gynt'' in deliberate disregard of the limitations that the conventional stagecraft of the 19th century imposed on drama.〔Meyer (1974, 288–289).〕 Its forty scenes move uninhibitedly in time and space and between consciousness and the unconscious, blending folkloric fantasy and unsentimental realism.〔Brockett and Hildy (2003, 391) and Meyer (1974, 288–289).〕 Raymond Williams compares ''Peer Gynt'' with August Strindberg's early drama ''Lucky Peter's Journey'' (1882) and argues that both explore a new kind of dramatic action that was beyond the capacities of the theatre of the day; both created "a sequence of images in language and visual composition" that "became technically possible only in film."〔Williams (1993, 76).〕 ''Peer Gynt'' was first performed in Christiania (now Oslo) on 24 February 1876, with original music composed by Edvard Grieg that includes some of today's most recognized classical pieces, In the Hall of the Mountain King and Morning Mood. It was published in German translation in 1881, in English in 1892, and in French in 1896.〔Farquharson Sharp (1936, 9).〕 The contemporary influence of the play continues into the twenty-first century with Will Eno's adaptation of it titled ''Gnit'' which had its world premiere at the 37th Humana Festival of New American Plays in March 2013.〔Gioia, Michael. ("Premiere of Will Eno's 'Gnit', Adaptation of Peer Gynt Directed by Les Waters, Opens March 17 at Humana Fest" ) playbill.com, March 17, 2013〕
==Characters==
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